Contributor License Agreement - Wikipedia  ## Metadata - Author: [[wikipedia.org]] - Full Title: Contributor License Agreement - Wikipedia - Category: #articles - Document Note: --- tags: [ContributorLicenseAgreement, OpenSourceLicensing, RelicensingControversy] Author: [Drew DeVault] Source: [Article] Reference: [Page numbers/Link] date created: 2024-09-10 10:00 --- # Title: Contributor License Agreements (CLAs) and Their Impact on Open Source Projects ## Table of Contents: - [📝 Summary](#📝-summary) - [📖 Main Content](#📖-main-content) - [🗒️ Notes](#🗒️-notes) - [📖 References](#📖-references) - [🗣️ Paraphrase](#🗣️-paraphrase) - [🧪 Hypotheses](#🧪-hypotheses) - [📊 Methodology](#📊-methodology) - [❓ Questions](#❓-questions) - [🔮 Future Research](#🔮-future-research) - [💡 Implications](#💡-implications) - [✅ Logical validity](#✅-logical-validity) - [🎯 Conclusion](#🎯-conclusion) ### References: - Fontana, Richard (2019). "Why CLAs aren't good for open source." - Elastic, Inc. (2021). "Amazon: NOT OK - why we had to change Elastic licensing." - DeVault, Drew. (2021). "Elasticsearch does not belong to Elastic." ## 📝 Summary: Contributor License Agreements (CLAs) play a crucial role in defining the terms under which intellectual property is contributed to open source projects. While CLAs provide legal clarity, they have also sparked controversy due to their potential to allow projects to relicense contributions under non-open-source terms, as seen with MongoDB and Elasticsearch. CLAs help project maintainers ensure they have the rights needed for distribution, but critics argue that these agreements undermine open source principles. ## 📖 Main Content: CLAs are agreements that define how contributions to a project, typically software, can be used by maintainers. These agreements grant projects the rights to use, modify, and potentially relicense contributions. CLAs are particularly important for corporate open-source projects, ensuring that contributions do not limit the project’s ability to innovate or make legal changes. However, some open-source advocates argue that CLAs can be dangerous. For instance, they enable projects like Elasticsearch and MongoDB to relicense their contributions under non-open-source licenses. Critics believe this violates the spirit of open source, even though contributors retain copyright in these cases. CLAs can allow for relicensing that may limit the freedom of contributors' work, creating a loophole that corporate entities may exploit. ### 🗒️ Notes - CLAs ensure that project maintainers have legal rights over contributions. - MongoDB and Elasticsearch controversially changed licenses due to the rights granted by their CLAs. - Critics argue that CLAs give too much control to project maintainers, undermining open-source freedoms. - Project Harmony attempts to address these issues by offering CLA templates with restrictions on relicensing. ## 📖 References: - Fontana, Richard (2019). "Why CLAs aren't good for open source." - Elastic, Inc. (2021). "Amazon: NOT OK - why we had to change Elastic licensing." - DeVault, Drew. (2021). "Elasticsearch does not belong to Elastic." ## 🗣️ Paraphrase: 1. Drew DeVault critiques Elasticsearch's decision to change its licensing, arguing that it exploits a loophole. Even though contributors retain their copyright, the CLA allows Elasticsearch to relicense their work without significant restrictions. 2. The controversy surrounding MongoDB’s license change highlights the tension between corporate interests and open-source ideals. By shifting to a non-open-source license, MongoDB leveraged the rights granted by its CLA to pursue legal avenues against competitors like AWS. ## 🧪 Hypotheses: - Future studies could examine how the use of CLAs affects the adoption and growth of open-source projects, especially when contributors’ rights are perceived as being compromised. - Research could explore the long-term impact of corporate relicensing on contributor engagement and the broader open-source community. ### 📊 Methodology: - **Data Sources**: Surveys of contributors to projects using CLAs and interviews with project maintainers. - **Research Design**: Comparative analysis of projects that utilize CLAs versus those that do not, focusing on legal disputes, contribution levels, and community sentiment. - **Analysis Techniques**: Qualitative coding of interviews and surveys; quantitative analysis of contribution trends. ### ❓ Questions: - How do contributors feel about signing CLAs when contributing to open-source projects? - Are there alternative legal mechanisms that could provide the same protections without threatening the open-source nature of projects? ### 🔮 Future Research: - Investigating alternative legal frameworks that can protect project maintainers while safeguarding open-source principles. - Exploring the role of contributors in decision-making processes related to relicensing and whether they should have more influence. ### 💡 Implications: Research in this area could lead to the development of more balanced CLAs that protect both project maintainers and contributors. This might help maintain the trust and engagement of contributors, ensuring the long-term sustainability of open-source projects. ### ✅ Logical validity: The article provides a well-argued perspective on the risks of CLAs. The **sound deductive reasoning** occurs when the author highlights the loophole exploited by Elasticsearch, illustrating how the project could relicense contributions due to the rights granted by its CLA. This reasoning st - Summary: CLAs can be used to enable vendors to easily pursue legal resolution in the case of copyright disputes,[1] or to relicense products to which contributions have been received from third parties. - URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement A **Contributor License Agreement** (**CLA**) defines the terms under which [intellectual property](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property) has been contributed to a company/project, typically software under an [open source license](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source_license). #### Rationale CLAs can be used to enable vendors to easily pursue legal resolution in the case of copyright disputes,[[1]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-1) or to relicense products to which contributions have been received from third parties.[[2]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-2) CLAs are important especially for corporate open source projects under a [copyleft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyleft) license, since without a CLA the contribution would restrict the guardian as well. The purpose of a CLA is to ensure that the guardian of a project's outputs has the necessary ownership or grants of rights over all contributions to allow them to distribute under the chosen license, often by granting an irrevocable license to allow the project maintainer to use the contribution; if copyright is actually transferred, the agreement is more normally known as a [Copyright Transfer Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_Transfer_Agreement). CLAs also have roles in raising awareness of [IPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property_rights) issues within a project.[[3]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-3) #### Relicensing controversy See also: [Server Side Public License](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Side_Public_License) When a CLA requires a contributor to assign unrestricted republishing rights to the project, contributed code can be [relicensed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_relicensing) at the discretion of the project, even when the CLA does not assign copyright to the project. Prominent open source advocates regard CLAs as dangerous to open source rights.[[4]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-4) ##### Examples In 2019 [MongoDB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MongoDB) used these rights granted by its CLA to achieve a move to a non-open-source license.[[5]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-5) In January 2021, the [Elasticsearch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticsearch) project used such rights to move the project to a non-open-source license [[6]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-6) arguing [Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)) had been "misleading and confusing the community". > [...] Our license change is aimed at preventing companies from taking our Elasticsearch and Kibana products and providing them directly as a service without collaborating with us. > > Our license change comes after years of what we believe to be Amazon/AWS misleading and confusing the community - enough is enough. > > We’ve tried every avenue available including going through the courts, but with AWS’s ongoing behavior, we have decided to change our license so that we can focus on building products and innovating rather than litigating [...] [[7]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-7) > > Drew DeVault, a lead developer with a number of open source projects such as [Sway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sway_(window_manager)), regards this move as a loophole. Both these projects were licensed under a copyleft license, which uses copyright to protect contributions, yet the CLA negates the usefulness of copyright in achieving this protection: > Elasticsearch belongs to its 1,573 contributors, who retain their copyright, and granted Elastic a license to distribute their work without restriction. This is the loophole which Elastic exploited when they decided that Elasticsearch would no longer be open source [...][[8]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-8) > > #### CLAs which restrict relicensing ##### Project Harmony [Project Harmony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Harmony_(licensing)) was established by [Canonical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_(company)) in 2010 to optionally avoid the problems discussed above. It provides a CLA template-builder. Based on choices made, the CLA will allow the contributor to keep copyright and assign rights to the project (as above) but with various restrictions on relicensing: using the template requires choosing one of the mutually-exclusive options, which range in restrictiveness.[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-9) A real-world example is the Ubuntu project. The CLA leaves copyright with the contributor and allows the project to relicense the code but with a restriction based on the license the contribution was made under: > 2.3 Outbound License Based on the grant of rights in Sections 2.1 and 2.2, if We include Your Contribution in a Material, We may license the Contribution under any license, including copyleft, permissive, commercial, or proprietary licenses. As a condition on the exercise of this right, We agree to also license the Contribution under the terms of the license or licenses which We are using for the Material on the Submission Date.[[10]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-10) > > ##### Fedora The [Fedora Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedora_Project) formerly required contributors to sign a CLA, either as an organization or as an individual.[[11]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-11) However, this was retired in 2011[[12]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-12) and instead contributors must agree to the [Fedora Project Contributor Agreement](https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/legal/fpca/), which is not a license agreement and does not include assignment of copyright. #### Users Companies and projects that use CLAs include: * [.NET Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Foundation)[[13]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-13) * [Apache Software Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Software_Foundation)[[14]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-14) * [Canonical Ltd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_Ltd)[[15]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-canonical.com-15) * [Clojure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clojure)[[16]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-clojure.org-16) * [Cloud Native Computing Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_Native_Computing_Foundation)[[17]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-17) * [CyanogenMod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CyanogenMod)[[18]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-18) * [Diaspora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora_(software))[[19]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-19) * Digia/[Qt Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qt_Project)[[20]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-20) * [Discourse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_(software))[[21]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-21) * [Django](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Django_(web_framework))[[22]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-22) * [Dojo Toolkit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dojo_Toolkit)[[23]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-23) * [eBay Software Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay), LLC[[24]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-24)[[25]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-25) Subsidiary of eBay * [Eclipse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_(software))[[26]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-26) * [Elastic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticsearch)[[27]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-27) * [Facebook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook)[[28]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-28) * [Go](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golang)[[29]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-29) * [Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google)[[30]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-30) * [HashiCorp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HashiCorp)[[31]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-31) * [Home Assistant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Assistant)[[32]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-32) * [InfluxDB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InfluxDB)[[33]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-33) * [Joomla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joomla)[[34]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-34) * [jQuery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JQuery)[[35]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-35) * [Kubernetes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubernetes)[[36]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-36) * [OpenBMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBMC)[[37]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-37) * [Python](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language))[[38]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-38) * [Meteor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor_(web_framework))[[39]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-39) * [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft)[[40]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-40) * [MuseScore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MuseScore)[[41]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-41) * [OpenMediaVault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenMediaVault)[[42]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-42) * [OpenStack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStack)[[43]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-43) * [Puppet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppet_(company))[[44]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-44) * [Salesforce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesforce)[[45]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-45) * [Sangoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangoma_Technologies_Corporation)[[46]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-46) * [TiddlyWiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TiddlyWiki)[[47]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-47) * [TLDR Pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLDR_Pages)[[48]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-48) * [W3C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium)[[49]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-49) * [Zend Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zend_Technologies) for [Zend Framework](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zend_Framework) (1.x series only) ##### KDE [KDE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE) uses [Free Software Foundation Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_Europe)'s [Fiduciary Licence Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiduciary_Licence_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1)[[50]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-50) of which (FLA-1.2) states in section 3.3: > FSFE shall only exercise the granted rights and licences in accordance with the principles of Free Software as defined by the Free Software Foundations. FSFE guarantees to use the rights and licences transferred in strict accordance with the regulations imposed by Free Software licences, including, but not limited to, the GNU General Public Licence (GPL) or the GNU Lesser General Public Licence (LGPL) respectively. In the event FSFE violates the principles of Free Software, all granted rights and licences shall automatically return to the Beneficiary and the licences granted hereunder shall be terminated and expire.[[51]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_note-51) > > However, it is optional and every contributor is allowed not to assign their copyright to KDE e.V. #### See also * [Developer Certificate of Origin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developer_Certificate_of_Origin) * [Know your customer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know_your_customer) #### References 1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_ref-1)** ["Licenses"](http://www.apache.org/licenses/). *www.apache.org*. 2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement#cite_ref-2)** ["Contributing FAQ"](https://web.archive.org/web/20071209175149/http://forge.mysql.com/wiki/ContributingFAQ). *mysql.com*. 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